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. 2025 Jul 7;9(16):4375–4391. doi: 10.1039/d5se00717h

Table 2. Environmental categories with abbreviations and units from the EF 3.1 method used in this study.

Impact category Unit Abbreviation
Acidification mol Heq+ AP
Climate change kg CO2 eq GW
Ecotoxicity, freshwater CTUe EcoT
Particulate matter Disease inc. PM
Eutrophication, marine kg Neq EP-m
Eutrophication, freshwater kg Peq EP-f
Eutrophication, terrestrial mol Neq EP-t
Human toxicity, non-cancer CTUh HT-nc
Human toxicity, cancer CTUh HT-c
Ionising radiation kBq U-235eq IR
Land use Pt LU
Ozone depletion kg CFC11 eq OD
Photochemical ozone formation kg NMVOCeq POP
Resource use, minerals and metals kg Sbeq RU-m
Water use m3 depriv. WD
Cumulative energy demand MJ CED