Table 1.
Sample characteristics, assessments, and findings for included studies (N = 5).
| Authors, Year | Sample size and sample description | Study design | Cognitive domain | Cognitive tests | Results in individuals with BD on CI | Results in individuals with BD on IA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camelo et al. (2019) |
N = 65 BD (N = 65; 34 in euthymia, 11 in manic episode, 20 in depression episode) |
Cross-sectional study | Verbal short-term and working memory Processing of visual symbols Inhibition Speed of Processing Verbal fluency |
DGS & Letter-Number Sequencing (from WAIS-R) Symbol Search (from WAIS-R) SCWT TMT-A & TMT-B Verbal fluency test (from MEC B) |
Individuals during mania: poorer global insight and insight about treatment effectiveness. Loss of insight can be predicted with severity of manic symptoms and impairments in processing of visual symbols (Symbol Search Test), speed of processing (TMT) and inhibition (SCWT). |
|
| Dalkner et al. (2023) |
N = 240 BD (N = 114) Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 126) |
Longitudinal study (30 days) | Speed of Processing Semantic fluency Working Memory Verbal Learning |
TMT-A (from MCCB) ANT (from MCCB) Letter-Number Sequencing (from MCCB) HVLT-R (from MCCB) |
Performance was overestimated in numerical tasks. Higher levels of predominant negative affect over 30 days were associated with lower IA. |
| Authors, Year | Sample size and sample description | Study design | Cognitive domain | Cognitive tests | Results in individuals with BD on CI | Results in individuals with BD on IA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harvey et al. (2015) |
N = 30 BD type I (N = 30) |
Cross-sectional study | Speed of Processing Semantic fluency Verbal and Learning Reasoning and Problem-solving Attention/Vigilance Attention, working memory, and visual processing Functional Capacity and assesses skills Social functioning Cognitive impairment |
TMT-A & Symbol Coding (from MCCB) ANT (from MCCB) HVLT-R (from MCCB) NAB – Mazes Subtest (from MCCB) CPT-IP (from MCCB) Letter-Number Sequencing, WMS-III–SSP & BVMT-R (from MCCB) & Metacognitive WCST UPSA-B SLOF CAI |
Individuals in depressive episodes underestimated their cognitive and independent living skills. Self-reported depressive symptoms correlated with more impaired functioning. |
|
| Morgan et al. (2022) |
N = 321 Schizophrenia (N = 163) BD (N = 158) |
Longitudinal study (30 days) | Speed of Processing Semantic fluency Working Memory Verbal Learning |
TMT-A & Symbol Coding (from MCCB) ANT (from MCCB) Letter-Number Sequencing (from MCCB) HVLT-R (from MCCB) |
Poorer cognitive performance had a significant covariate effect on absolute IA Better cognitive performance was associated with better IA. |
| Authors, Year | Sample size and sample description | Study design | Cognitive domain | Cognitive tests | Results in individuals with BD on CI | Results in individuals with BD on IA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tercero et al. (2021) |
N = 166 Schizophrenia (N = 99) BD (N = 67) |
Cross-sectional study | Attention, working memory, and visual processing | Metacognitive WCST | Performance was overestimated on the WCST by about 50%. WCST was the best predictor of the global judgements compared to trial-by-trial accuracy judgments and trial-by-trial confidence ratings. More overestimation of performance in the WCST was associated with poorer global judgement of performance. |
Note: ANT = Animal Naming Test, BVMT-R = Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised, CAI = Cognitive Assessment Inventory (Ventura et al., 2013), CI = Cognitive Insight, CPT-IP = Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs, DGS = Digit Span, HVLT-R = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised, IA = Introspective Accuracy, MCCB = MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (Nuechterlein et al., 2008), MEC B = Montreal Communication Evaluation Battery (Fonseca et al., 2008), NAB = Neuropsychological Assessment Battery, SCWT = Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop, 1935), SLOF = Specific Levels of Functioning (Schneider and Struening, 1983), SSP = Spatial Span Test, TMT-A = Trail Making Test – Part A (Gaudino et al., 1995), TMT-B = Trail Making Test – Part B (Gaudino et al., 1995), UPSA-B Performance-based Skills Assessment (Mausbach et al., 2007), WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Wechsler, 1955), WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Koren et al., 2004), WMS-III = Wechsler Memory Scale – 3rd edition.