Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants, weighted.
| Characteristics | Participantsa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Non-PD | PD | p-valueb | |
| n = 41,374 | n = 41,020 | n = 354 | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 46.81(16.64) | 46.73(16.63) | 56.80(15.21) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.014 | |||
| Male | 20,828 (49.36%) | 20,659 (49.43%) | 169 (40.14%) | |
| Female | 20,546 (50.64%) | 20,361 (50.57%) | 185 (59.86%) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.011 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 19,002 (70.28%) | 18,786 (70.21%) | 216 (79.09%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 8,669 (10.42%) | 8,611 (10.44%) | 58 (8.79%) | |
| Mexican American | 6,816 (7.63%) | 6,776 (7.66%) | 40 (4.09%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 3,299 (5.32%) | 3,273 (5.33%) | 26 (3.87%) | |
| Other | 3,588 (6.35%) | 3,574 (6.37%) | 14 (4.15%) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.15 | |||
| Married or living with a partner | 24,991 (64.27%) | 24,799 (64.32%) | 192 (58.45%) | |
| Living alone | 16,383 (35.73%) | 16,221 (35.68%) | 162 (41.55%) | |
| Family income, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤1.30 | 12,299 (20.21%) | 12,168 (20.15%) | 131 (28.54%) | |
| 1.31–3.50 | 15,687 (35.44%) | 15,551 (35.41%) | 136 (40.22%) | |
| >3.50 | 13,388 (44.34%) | 13,301 (44.45%) | 87 (31.24%) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.46 | |||
| Less than 9th grade | 4,327 (4.97%) | 4,285 (4.96%) | 42 (6.39%) | |
| 9-11th grade (includes12th grade with no diploma) | 5,843 (10.52%) | 5,783 (10.50%) | 60 (12.57%) | |
| High school graduate GED or equivalent | 9,618 (23.95%) | 9,540 (23.94%) | 78 (25.45%) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 12,182 (31.48%) | 12,077 (31.48%) | 105 (31.22%) | |
| College graduate or above | 9,404 (29.09%) | 9,335 (29.13%) | 69 (24.37%) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.10 | |||
| Never | 22,200 (53.59%) | 22,031 (53.60%) | 169 (51.74%) | |
| Former | 10,336 (25.07%) | 10,240 (25.10%) | 96 (21.45%) | |
| Current | 8,838 (21.35%) | 8,749 (21.30%) | 89 (26.81%) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 5,578 (10.60%) | 5,529 (10.60%) | 49 (11.18%) | |
| Former | 6,786 (13.33%) | 6,680 (13.25%) | 106 (23.95%) | |
| Current | 29,010 (76.07%) | 28,811 (76.16%) | 199 (64.87%) | |
| PA (MET-min/wk), median (IQR) | 740.01 (80.00, 2,880.00) | 756.00 (80.00, 2,880.00) | 360.00 (0.00, 1,680.00) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 0.009 | |||
| No | 39,680 (96.61%) | 39,356 (96.64%) | 324 (93.35%) | |
| Yes | 1,694 (3.39%) | 1,664 (3.36%) | 30 (6.65%) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 39,873 (97.34%) | 39,556 (97.40%) | 317 (90.39%) | |
| Yes | 1,501 (2.66%) | 1,464 (2.60%) | 37 (9.61%) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0.056 | |||
| No | 12,558 (31.18%) | 12,475 (31.24%) | 83 (24.65%) | |
| Yes | 28,816 (68.82%) | 28,545 (68.76%) | 271 (75.35%) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 23,897 (63.24%) | 23,755 (63.39%) | 142 (44.99%) | |
| Yes | 17,477 (36.76%) | 17,265 (36.61%) | 212 (55.01%) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 34,382 (87.58%) | 34,131 (87.65%) | 251 (78.06%) | |
| Yes | 6,992 (12.42%) | 6,889 (12.35%) | 103 (21.94%) | |
| BMI [kg/m2, mean (SD)] | 28.789 (6.670) | 28.782 (6.670) | 29.712 (6.662) | 0.0446 |
| WC (cm), mean (SD) | 98.537 (16.329) | 98.498 (16.331) | 103.372 (15.277) | <0.001 |
| WT (kg), mean (SD) | 82.452 (21.144) | 82.444 (21.154) | 83.521 (19.810) | 0.5226 |
| ABSI, mean (SD) | 0.081 (0.005) | 0.081 (0.005) | 0.084 (0.005) | <0.001 |
| BRI, mean (SD) | 5.254 (2.262) | 5.248 (2.261) | 6.018 (2.276) | <0.001 |
| WWI, mean (SD) | 10.906 (0.822) | 10.902 (0.821) | 11.370 (0.767) | <0.001 |
| WHtR, mean (SD) | 0.580 (0.097) | 0.584 (0.096) | 0.618 (0.094) | <0.001 |
| CI, mean (SD) | 1.299 (0.092) | 1.299 (0.092) | 1.349 (0.084) | <0.001 |
a
Normally distributed continuous variables are described as means (SD), and continuous variables without a normal distribution are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). Categorical variables are presented as unweighted numbers (weighted percentages).
b
Wilcoxon rank-sum test for complex survey samples; chi-squared test with Rao & Scott’s second-order correction. p-values < 0.05 are presented in bold.
PD, Parkinson’s disease; WWI, weight-adjusted waist index; CI, conicity index; ABSI, a body shape index; BRI, body roundness index; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WT, weight.