. 2025 Feb 13;54(7):1827–1844. doi: 10.1007/s10964-025-02157-0

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics of study variables (N = 883)

Variable	Mean (or n) & SD (or %)	Range	ACE frequency
Variable	Mean (or n) & SD (or %)	Range	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
Age	12.37 (0.44)	11.01–14.18
Gender
Female	444 (50.3%)
Male	439 (49.7%)
Race
Black	487 (55.2%)
Hispanic	56 (6.3%)
Multiracial	100 (11.3%)
Other	11 (1.2%)
White	229 (25.9%)
Income	4.86 (3.13)	0.00–10.00
Site
East	185 (21.0%)
Midwest	132 (14.9%)
Northwest	176 (19.9%)
South	164 (18.6%)
Southwest	226 (25.6%)
Early adversities			377	252	134	82	26	12
Physical abuse			593	133	84	69^a
Sexual abuse			780	33	16	43^a
Emotional abuse			565	87	62	37	30	17	82^a
Physical neglect			778	42	63^a
Emotional neglect			567	84	107	29	96^a
Caregiver treated violently			592	40	16	36^a
Family substance misuse			754	85	42^a
Maternal depressive symptoms			621	220^b
Parental separation			117	746^b
Household incarceration			766	98^b
Peer substance use	1.60 (1.43)	0.00–6.00
Peer delinquency	2.06 (1.68)	0.00–7.00
Positive peer behavior	4.46 (0.96)	0.00–5.00
Peer popularity	2.20 (0.80)	0.00–4.00
Peer aggression	1.16 (1.21)	0.00–4.00
Peer victimization	0.36 (0.90)	0.00–7.00
Peer companionship	1.94 (0.88)	0.00–4.00
Peer conflict	1.10 (0.81)	0.00–4.00
Peer satisfaction	2.90 (0.76)	0.00–4.00
Peer intimacy	1.89 (1.07)	0.00–4.00

^aThe participants with a higher number of the corresponding ACE are combined into the current group. For example, 69 participants scored three or more on physical abuse

^bMaternal depressive symptoms, parental separation, and household incarceration were assessed as No or Yes