Table 1.
Baseline demographics of the participants (N=134)a.
| Variable | Overall | Yoga intervention group (n=67) | Control group (n=67) | P valueb | ||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 45.14 (9.15) | 45.01 (8.89) | 45.28 (9.46) | .88 | ||
| Gender, n (%) | .36 | |||||
|
|
Men | 45 (33.6) | 25 (37.3) | 20 (29.9) |
|
|
|
|
Women | 89 (66.4) | 42 (62.7) | 47 (70.1) |
|
|
| Comorbidities, n (%) | >.05 | |||||
|
|
Diabetes | 19 (14.2) | 9 (13.4) | 10 (14.9) | .80 | |
|
|
Hypertension | 48 (35.8) | 27 (40.3) | 21 (31.3) | .28 | |
|
|
Obesity | 74 (55.2) | 35 (52.2) | 39 (58.2) | .48 | |
|
|
Polycystic ovarian syndrome | 68 (50.7) | 36 (53.7) | 32 (47.8) | .48 | |
| Marital status, n (%) | .80 | |||||
|
|
Married | 112 (83.6) | 58 (86.6) | 54 (80.6) |
|
|
|
|
Separated | 8 (6) | 3 (4.5) | 5 (7.5) |
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|
|
|
Single | 12 (9) | 5 (7.5) | 7 (10.4) |
|
|
|
|
Widowed | 2 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) |
|
|
| Educational level, n (%) | .07 | |||||
|
|
Undergraduate | 11 (8.2) | 3 (4.5) | 8 (11.9) |
|
|
|
|
Graduate | 62 (46.3) | 38 (56.7) | 24 (35.8) |
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|
|
|
Postgraduate | 58 (43.3) | 25 (37.3) | 33 (49.3) |
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|
|
|
PhD | 3 (2.2) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3) |
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|
| Occupation, n (%) | .87 | |||||
|
|
Business | 27 (20.1) | 14 (20.9) | 13 (19.4) |
|
|
|
|
Physician | 2 (1.5) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) |
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|
|
|
Housewife | 33 (24.6) | 17 (25.4) | 16 (23.9) |
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|
|
|
Service worker | 63 (47) | 28 (41.8) | 35 (52.2) |
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|
|
|
Student | 5 (3.7) | 3 (4.5) | 2 (3) |
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|
|
|
Teacher | 4 (3) | 3 (4.5) | 1 (1.5) |
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|
| Duration of illness (y), n (%) | .34 | |||||
|
|
0-1 | 10 (7.5) | 4 (6) | 6 (9) |
|
|
|
|
2-6 | 26 (19.4) | 17 (25.4) | 9 (13.4) |
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|
|
|
6-10 | 56 (41.8) | 27 (40.3) | 29 (43.3) |
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|
|
|
>10 | 42 (31.3) | 19 (28.4) | 23 (34.3) |
|
|
| Dosage of medicine (µg), n (%) | .03 | |||||
|
|
12.5 | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) |
|
|
|
|
25 | 4 (3) | 3 (4.5) | 1 (1.5) |
|
|
|
|
50 | 40 (29.9) | 27 (40.3) | 13 (19.4) |
|
|
|
|
75 | 38 (28.4) | 18 (26.9) | 20 (29.9) |
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|
|
|
100 | 51 (38.1) | 19 (28.4) | 32 (47.8) |
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|
| Primary measure (SF-36c), mean (SD) | >.05 | |||||
|
|
Physical functioning | 43.84 (7.92) | 39.63 (8.31) | 48.06 (4.60) | .00 | |
|
|
Role limitation—physical | 29.25 (9.49) | 29.48 (9.66) | 29.03 (9.38) | .06 | |
|
|
Bodily pain | 16.66 (17.22) | 14.43 (17.62) | 18.90 (16.63) | .68 | |
|
|
General health perceptions | 35.93 (4.91) | 35.75 (4.62) | 36.12 (5.21) | .97 | |
|
|
Energy and vitality | 45.16 (3.88) | 43.91 (4.34) | 46.42 (2.90) | .36 | |
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|
Role limitation—emotional | 45.61 (5.98) | 45.15 (6.13) | 46.08 (5.84) | .00 | |
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|
Social functioning | 42.74 (3.88) | 42.46 (4.07) | 43.02 (3.71) | .58 | |
|
|
Mental health | 49.51 (4.86) | 48.88 (4.51) | 50.15 (5.18) | .13 | |
| Secondary measures, mean (SD) | >.05 | |||||
|
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.98 (4.78) | 27.69 (4.41) | 28.27 (5.15) | .88 | |
|
|
SBPd (mm Hg) | 139.62 (11.53) | 139.03 (11.91) | 140.21 (11.19) | .47 | |
|
|
DBPe (mm Hg) | 90.35 (6.32) | 90.61 (6.69) | 90.09 (5.97) | .71 | |
|
|
T3f (pg/mL) | 0.95 (0.23) | 0.93 (0.22) | 0.97 (0.23) | .42 | |
|
|
T4g (µg/dL) | 7.82 (2.03) | 7.58 (2.10) | 8.06 (1.94) | .22 | |
|
|
TSHh (mU/L) | 5.49 (6.51) | 5.07 (3.30) | 5.90 (8.62) | ,83 | |
|
|
FASi (0-50) | 42.50 (3.06) | 42.46 (3.23) | 42.54 (2.91) | .84 | |
|
|
GIPj (0-30) | 15.87 (2.48) | 15.91 (2.51) | 15.82 (2.47) | .58 | |
|
|
PSSk (0-40) | 31.53 (2.57) | 32.01 (2.51) | 31.04 (2.56) | .03 | |
aMann-Whitney U test was conducted for continuous data, and the chi-square test was conducted for categorical data.
bP>.05 indicates similar sociodemographic characteristics; P<.05 indicates differences.
cSF-36: 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.
dSBP: systolic blood pressure.
eDBP: diastolic blood pressure.
fT3: triiodothyronine.
gT4: thyroxine.
hTSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.
iFAS: Fatigue Assessment Scale.
jGIP: Gita Inventory of Personality.
kPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.