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. 2025 Jul 11;9(7):e70220. doi: 10.1002/jgh3.70220
Characteristic No COVID‐19 Uncomplicated COVID‐19 Complicated COVID‐19 p
Mean age 51.64 60.13 63.78 0.001
Age category (years) 0.001
18–45 39.20% 17.30% 8.90%
45–65 32.00% 41.30% 37.30%
> 65 28.80% 41.40% 53.80%
Gender 0.012
Male 43.00% 44.80% 49.60%
Female 57.00% 55.20% 50.40%
Race 0.877
White 74.70% 75.40% 76.60%
Black 11.80% 11.50% 9.70%
Hispanics 7.00% 6.90% 7.60%
Others 6.50% 6.20% 6.00%
Insurance status 0.001
Medicare 38.30% 48.90% 59.80%
Medicaid 17.40% 10.40% 6.80%
Private insurance 40.30% 38.60% 32.60%
Self‐pay 4.00% 2.10% 0.80%
Elixhauser comorbidity index 0.001
0 12.80% 5% 1%
1 18.10% 15.40% 4.70%
2 18.70% 20.20% 10.20%
3 or more 50.40% 59.00% 83.70%
Median household income in patient's ZIP code (quartile) 0.001
1st (0–25) 24.90% 26.70% 28.90%
2nd (26–50) 25.70% 27.30% 26.00%
3rd (51–75) 25.00% 26.30% 27.60%
4th (76–100) 24.40% 19.70% 17.50%
Hospital bed size 0.001
Small 22.10% 28.00% 24.70%
Medium 26.80% 27.30% 33.60%
Large 51.10% 44.70% 41.70%
Hospital teaching status 0.001
Non‐teaching 23.20% 31.10% 31.20%
Teaching 76.80% 68.90% 68.80%
Hospital location 0.001
Rural 6.90% 11.90% 12.90%
Urban 93.10% 88.10% 87.10%
Anemia 36.10% 20.10% 33.60% 0.001
DM 16.80% 27.50% 33.60% 0.001
HTN 41.20% 55.90% 68.00% 0.001
Smoking 38.60% 36.70% 32.80% 0.016
Obesity 14.40% 24.60% 37.00% 0.001
CKD/ESRD 11.90% 14.40% 17.30% 0.001
CHF 8.00% 8.10% 18.90% 0.001
Dyslipidemia 23.30% 36.40% 38.60% 0.001
Malnutrition 13.40% 5.90% 13.90% 0.001
COPD 10.60% 15.00% 22.60% 0.001
Cancer 10.60% 40.20% 60.40% 0.001
Chronic lung disease 19.50% 27.20% 32.60% 0.001
Cirrhosis 3.30% 2.30% 3.20% 0.065
Steroid use 6.00% 5.50% 6.60% 0.605
Contraceptive use 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.745
Vasculitides 2.40% 2.20% 2.60% 0.985
Carotid atherosclerotic disease 0.60% 0.20% 1.10% 0.03
Renal atherosclerotic disease 0.10% 0.10% 0.00% 0.812
HIV 0.70% 0.50% 0.30% 0.436
Peripheral artery disease 2.60% 2.50% 4.20% 0.124
Coronary artery disease 10.10% 15.60% 16.80% 0.001