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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2005 Sep 21.
Published in final edited form as: Viral Immunol. 2005;18(1):41–78. doi: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.41

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4

Proposed mechanisms by which peripheral cytokines activate CRH-producing neurons of the PVN in the hypothalamus (rat brain). ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; AP, area postrema; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; HIPP, hippocampus; ME, median eminence; NE, norepenephrine; NO, nitric oxide; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius; OVLT, organum vascularis of lateral terminalis; PG, prostaglandins; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. ★ = site of entry of peripheral cytokine signals. Reprinted by permission from Silverman et al. (274).