Table 3.

Immune Profiles of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis due to Coinfection, and Suggested Treatments Based on Published Trials

Immune profile	HBV DNA	HBsAg	HBeAg	HCV RNA	Anti-HCV	Possible treatments [ref]
Dually active	+	+/-	+/-	+	+	IFN alone [54] IFN + ribavirin [57-59] IFN + lamivudine [61]
Active HCV in HBV carrier	-	+	-	+	+	IFN alone [23, 53, 55] IFN + ribavirin [57-59]
Active HBV in chronic HCV	+	-	-	+	+	IFN alone [10] IFN + lamivudine [61]
Silent HBV	+	-	-	+/-	+	IFN alone [10] IFN + lamivudine [61]

Abbreviations: HCV = hepatitis C virus; HBV = hepatitis B virus; DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA = ribonucleic acid; HBsAg = Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg = Hepatitis B e antigen; Anti-HCV = antibody to hepatitis C virus; IFN = interferon