AAB	Acetic acid bacteria
ADH	Alcohol dehydrogenase
ALDH	Aldehyde dehydrogenase
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
CAD	Cadaverine
Caco-2	Human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line
CCD-18Co	Normal human colon myofibroblast cell line
CFU/g	Colony-forming units per gram
CI	Confidence interval
DHAP	2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone
DPP-IV	Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
ED pathway	Entner–Doudoroff pathway
EFeLM	Extract of fermented leaf mustard
EFrLM	Extract of fresh leaf mustard
EMP pathway	Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
G2/M	Gap 2/Mitosis phase (cell cycle)
G6PD	Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GC-MS	Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
GIP	Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GRAS	Generally Recognized as Safe
HBA	4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
HCT116	Human colon cancer cell line
HIS	Histamine
HR	Hazard ratio
4-HPEA	4-Hydroxyphenylethanol
IBD	Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IBS	Irritable bowel syndrome
IC50	Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
LAB	Lactic acid bacteria
LC-MS	Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)
NADH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)
n	Sample size
OR	Odds ratio
p	Probability value (statistical significance)
PDC	Pyruvate decarboxylase
pH	Potential of Hydrogen (measure of acidity/alkalinity)
PUT	Putrescine
SMF	Submerged fermentation
SSF	Solid-state fermentation
TCA cycle	Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
TYR	Tyramine
UV	Ultraviolet (light)
VOCs	Volatile organic compounds