| CT | computed tomography |
| GBD | global burden of disease |
| HRQOL | health-related quality of life |
| idO3T | intradiscal ozone therapy |
| LBP | low back pain |
| LDH | lumbar disc herniation |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| QALYs | quality-adjusted life years |
| RCT | randomized controlled trial |
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