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. 2025 Jun 21;25(13):3865. doi: 10.3390/s25133865
V2V Vehicle to vehicle
AVs Autonomous vehicles
CAVs Connected autonomous vehicles
TS-IFF Two-stage intermediate-level feature fusion
DWLM Dynamic weight learning mechanism
AFSM Adaptive feature selection module
SSD Single-shot detector
FPN Feature pyramid network
VFE Voxel feature encoding
BEV Bird’s-eye view
3D CNN 3D convolutional neural network
2D CNN 2D convolutional neural network
DT Default Towns
CC Culver City
GT Ground truth
PI Pseudo-image