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. 2025 Jul 2;14(13):2032. doi: 10.3390/plants14132032
UL urolithiasis
OS oxidative stress
OPN osteopontin
CaOx calcium oxalate
CaPO4 calcium phosphate
ROS reactive oxygen species
Nrf2 nuclear factor 2
SOD superoxide dismutase
CAT catalase
GPx glutathione peroxidase
GSH glutathione
MDA malondialdehyde
KIM-1 kidney injury molecule-1
NF-κB kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells
IL-1β interleukin-1β
IL-6 interleukin-6
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha
MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein
WHO The World Health Organization
EG ethylene glycol
NH4Cl ammonium chloride
HK-2 kidney epithelial cell line
BW body weight
OH reactive hydroxyl
COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
PGE2 prostaglandin E2