Table 2. Nefopam versus placebo. Abbreviations: SEM: standard error; VAS: visual analogue scale.

Variables	Number (percentage) or mean ± SEM
	Nefopam (n = 24)	Placebo (n = 25)	P-value
Sex
Male	11 (45.8)	15 (60.0)	NS
Female	13 (54.2)	10 (40.0)
Age (years)	43.3 ± 3.5	37.7 ± 2.9	NS
Patients weight (Kg)	75.8 ± 1.9	81.4 ± 2.9	NS
Type of operation
Arthroscopic knee operation	6 (25.0)	10 (40.0)	NS
Open knee operation	3 (12.5)	4 (16.0)
Trauma operations	6 (25.0)	6 (24.0)
Small joints operations	8 (33.3)	3 (12.0)
Tumor operations	1 (4.2)	2 (66.7)
American society of anesthesia score
One	10 (41.6)	11 (44.0)	NS
Two	13 (54.2)	13 (52.0)
Three	1 (4.2)	1 (4.0)
Intraoperative parameters
Torniquet time (minutes)	75.1 ± 5.4	80.4 ± 5.6	NS
Intraoperative opioids use (oral morphine equivalent, mg/day)	54.0 ± 2.1	64.9 ± 2.0	0.001
Postoperative outcome scores
Postoperative opioids use (oral morphine equivalent, mg/day)	0.6 ± 0.4	11.8 ± 1.4	0.0001
Postoperative sedation score (RASS)	0.0	0.0	-
Postoperative torniquet pain score (VAS)	0.04 ± 0.002	1.0 ± 0.5	NS
Postoperative surgical site pain score (VAS)	1.6 ± 0.3	6.7 ± 0.6	0.001