Table 3.

The PICOS framework for inclusion and exclusion criteria

PICOS element	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Population	Patients, the general public, or formal/informal caregivers who use health monitoring technologies	Healthcare professionals, developers, industry representatives, or policymakers
Intervention	Studies involving the use or experience of health monitoring technologies (e.g., wearables, sensors)	Studies not involving health monitoring technologies (e.g., Population-level disease surveillance systems)
Comparator	N/A	N/A
Outcomes	Attitudes, perceptions, motivations, barriers, or experiences of users	Studies only reporting technical performance without user perspectives
Study design	Empirical studies using primary data (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) published between 2000 and 2023. Both peer-reviewed study and pre-prints were included.	Reviews, commentaries, protocols, editorials, studies not using primary data, studies published out of the time frame