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. 2025 Jul 12;11:208. doi: 10.1038/s41531-025-01065-1

Fig. 4. Correlation between the target distance (z) and clinical improvement rate (z) in PD-FoG.

Fig. 4

a Diagram illustrating the Euclidean distance measured between the actual TMS target (‘Actual’, MNI: −10, −24, +75) and the individualized optimal target based on peak PSV-L_PCL FC (‘Optimal’). b–e Scatter plots show partial correlations (controlling for age) between the standardized Euclidean distance (zDistance: representing the separation between the actual TMS target from the individual’s optimal PSV-L_PCL connectivity peak) and standardized fractional improvement rates (z) following 5 days of ah-TBS. Correlations are shown for: b 180° stand-and-spin time improvement rate (zSS180 rate). c 5-m timed up-and-go improvement rate (z5mTUG rate). d PIGD score improvement rate (zPIGD rate), and e UPDRS III score improvement rate (zUPDRS III rate). The partial correlation coefficient (r) and corresponding p value (adjusted for age) are displayed on each plot. A shorter distance was significantly correlated with greater improvements in the SS180 and 5mTUG tasks, controlling for age. Bold indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05) for displayed p-values.