Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the HCs and PD-PIGD patients
| Group | HC (n = 46) | PD-PIGD (n = 94) | PD-PIGD (n = 94) | t Test | ANOVA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HY1 (n = 33) | HY2 (n = 30) | HY3–4 (n = 31) | p value (HC vs. PD-PIGD) | p Value | |||
| Age, y | 61.09 ± 9.26 (46–83) | 62.40 ± 9.67 (41–82) | 57.73 ± 9.09 (41–75) | 61.97 ± 9.23 (42–78) | 67.81 ± 8.05 (54–82) | 0.444b | <0.001c |
| Sex (M/F) | 19/27 | 49/45 | 20/13 | 14/16 | 15/16 | 0.229a | 0.403a |
| Education, y | 8.78 ± 4.28 (0–15) | 7.33 ± 4.71 (0–17) | 8.58 ± 5.19 (0–17) | 6.73 ± 4.58 (0–16) | 6.58 ± 4.14 (0–15) | 0.08b | 0.077c |
| MoCA | 23.72 ± 3.09 (15–30) | 20.18 ± 5.95 (10–30) | 23.52 ± 4.41 (12–30) | 20.93 ± 6.06 (10–29) | 15.90 ± 4.66 (10–28) | <0.001b | <0.001c |
| Disease duration, y | – | – | 2.27 ± 1.82 (0.5–5) | 3.50 ± 2.77 (2–9) | 5.18 ± 3.12 (3–11) | – | <0.001 d |
| LEDD, mg | – | – | 244.92 ± 219.23 (0–580) | 420.17 ± 140.35 (100-675) | 540.08 ± 166.42 (200–1025) | – | <0.001 d |
| MMSE | – | – | 27.70 ± 2.34 (21–30) | 26.53 ± 3.91 (18–30) | 23.77 ± 3.36 (16–29) | – | <0.001 d |
| HAMD | – | – | 7.09 ± 4.70 (0–22) | 7.57 ± 5.15 (0–23) | 8.19 ± 5.33 (1–21) | – | 0.684 d |
| HAMA | – | – | 6.42 ± 3.35 (1–14) | 7.47 ± 5.00 (0–25) | 7.16 ± 4.22 (1–21) | – | 0.599 d |
| UPDRS III score | – | – | 20.82 ± 9.74 (8–39) | 29.40 ± 11.42 (15–42) | 37.23 ± 15.83 (20–82) | – | <0.001 d |
| PIGD score | – | – | 3.94 ± 1.68 (2–7) | 4.97 ± 2.21 (3–10) | 9.87 ± 2.66 (7–16) | – | <0.001 d |
aChi-square test, bindependent samples t test between the HC and PD-PIGD groups, cANOVA of the HC, HY1, HY2, and HY3-4 groups,
dANOVA of the HY1, HY2, and HY3-4 groups. Bold indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Continuous variables are presented as the means ± SD (minimum‒maximum), and categorical variables are presented as counts (n).
HAMA Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HAMD Hamilton Depression Scale, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, MMSE Minimum Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PIGD postural instability and gait difficulty, UPDRS III Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III.