Table 2.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the validation cohort
| Group | PD-FoG (n = 24) |
|---|---|
| Age, y | 69.17 ± 7.98 (51–82) |
| Sex, (M/F) | 15/9 |
| Education, y | 7.00 ± 4.95 (0–16) |
| Disease duration, y | 5.33 ± 2.96 (2–13) |
| HY | 2.48 ± 0.63 (2–4) |
| LEDD, mg | 559.94 ± 216.54 (0–950) |
| MMSE | 25.50 ± 3.20 (18–29) |
| MoCA | 17.83 ± 4.87 (12–28) |
| Distance, mm | 9.63 ± 3.33 (4.36–16.55) |
| SS180 improvement rate | 0.32 ± 0.30 (−0.25 to 0.89) |
| 5mTUG improvement rate | 0.28 ± 0.23 (−0.17 to 0.74) |
| UPDRS III improvement rate | 0.18 ± 0.11 (0–0.36) |
| PIGD improvement rate | 0.21 ± 0.27 (0–1.00) |
Continuous variables are presented as the means ± SD (minimum‒maximum), and categorical variables are presented as counts (n). The data describe the 24 PD-FoG patients included in the retrospective validation analysis of TMS targeting the left paracentral lobule. Fractional improvement rates were calculated using the formula: (pre-intervention value minus post-intervention value) divided by the pre-intervention value. 5mTUG 5-m timed up-and-go time, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, MMSE Minimum Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, PD-FoG Parkinson’s disease with freezing of gait, PIGD postural instability and gait difficulty, SS180 180° stand-and-spin time, UPDRS III Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III.