TABLE 1.

CRISPR/Cas applications in cereal crop improvement*.

Crop	Edited gene	Improved trait	References
Hordeum vulgare (barley)	GST, IPI, PDI, CRT, HSP70, HSP26, HSP16.9	Enhanced recombinant protein yield and distribution	Panting et al. (2021)
	PTST1, Gbss1a	Increased amylose content and improved grain viability	Zhong et al. (2019)
Oryza sativa (rice)	LKR/SDH	Increased lysine content in grains without affecting agronomic traits	Rastogi et al. (2025)
	OsCKX1–OsCKX11	Increased panicle size, grain number, and altered seed morphology and starch composition	Zheng et al. (2023)
	OsHPP04	Improved resistance to root-knot nematode without yield penalties	Huang et al. (2023)
	Waxy	Optimized amylose content for better cooking and eating quality	Huang et al. (2020)
	CrtI, PSY	Increased carotenoid content without trade-offs	Dong et al. (2020)
	OsGAD3	Increased GABA levels, grain weight, and protein content	Akama et al. (2020)
	OsBADH2	Enhanced aroma for better sensory quality and market value	Ashokkumar et al. (2020)
	OsPIN5b, GS3, OsMYB30	Improved panicle length, grain size, and cold stress tolerance	Zeng et al. (2020)
	OsGS3, OsGW2, OsGn1a	Enhanced grain size, width, weight, and number	Zhou et al. (2019)
	OsPLDα1	Reduced phytic acid to improve micronutrient bioavailability	Khan et al. (2019)
Triticum aestivum (wheat)	TaARF12	Reduced plant height, larger spikes, and increased grain yield	Kong et al. (2023)
	TaGW7	Increased grain width and weight; decreased grain length	Wang et al. (2019b)
Zea mays (maize)	CLE	Increased meristem size and grain yield traits	Liu et al. (2021)
	Wx1	Increased amylopectin content and waxy corn yield	Gao et al. (2020a)
	SH2, GBSS	Higher sugar and amylopectin levels in sweet and waxy maize	Dong et al. (2019)