Table 1.
Metabolic costs of amino acid biosynthesis in E. coli
| Amino acid | One-letter symbol | Precursor metabolites | Energetic cost
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∼P | H | Total, ∼P | |||
| Ala | A | pyr | 1.0 | 5.3 | 11.7 |
| Cys | C | 3pg | 7.3 | 8.7 | 24.7 |
| Asp | D | oaa | 1.3 | 5.7 | 12.7 |
| Glu | E | αkg | 2.7 | 6.3 | 15.3 |
| Phe | F | 2 pep, eryP | 13.3 | 19.3 | 52.0 |
| Gly | G | 3pg | 2.3 | 4.7 | 11.7 |
| His | H | penP | 20.3 | 9.0 | 38.3 |
| Ile | I | pyr, oaa | 4.3 | 14.0 | 32.3 |
| Lys | K | oaa, pyr | 4.3 | 13.0 | 30.3 |
| Leu | L | 2 pyr, acCoA | 2.7 | 12.3 | 27.3 |
| Met | M | oaa, Cys, −pyr | 9.7 | 12.3 | 34.3 |
| Asn | N | oaa | 3.3 | 5.7 | 14.7 |
| Pro | P | αkg | 3.7 | 8.3 | 20.3 |
| Gln | Q | αkg | 3.7 | 6.3 | 16.3 |
| Arg | R | αkg | 10.7 | 8.3 | 27.3 |
| Ser | S | 3pg | 2.3 | 4.7 | 11.7 |
| Thr | T | oaa | 3.3 | 7.7 | 18.7 |
| Val | V | 2 pyr | 2.0 | 10.7 | 23.3 |
| Trp | W | 2 pep, eryP, PRPP, −pyr | 27.7 | 23.3 | 74.3 |
| Tyr | Y | eryP, 2 pep | 13.3 | 18.3 | 50.0 |
Abbreviations for starting metabolites: penP, ribose 5-phosphate; PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; eryP, erythrose 4-phosphate; 3pg, 3-phosphoglycerate; pep, phosphoenolpyruvate; pyr, pyruvate; acCoA, acetyl-CoA; αkg, α-ketoglutarate; oaa, oxaloacetate. Costs of precursors reflect averages for growth on glucose, acetate, and malate (see Table 6 in supporting information). Negative signs on precursor metabolites indicate chemicals gained through biosynthetic pathways. ∼P and H refer to numbers of high-energy phosphate bonds contained in ATP and GTP molecules and numbers of available hydrogen atoms carried in NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 molecules, respectively. The total cost assumes 2 ∼P per H.