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. 2025 Jul 1;16:1597030. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1597030

Table 3.

Overview of NO detection methods, statistical tools, and applications.

NO detection
method
Type Strength Limitations Common statistical
tools
Software tools
DAF-FM DA fluorescence Semi-quantitative High-sensitivity, cell-level
resolution
Snapshot data, photobleaching ANOVA, t-tests, correlation ImageJ, R, SPSS
Griess assay Quantitative Simple, cheap Measures NO2- not NO directly Linear regression, PCA Excel, R
Electrochemical probes Real-time Dynamic monitoring possible Expensive, low spatial resolution Time-series, wavelet, SEM MATLAB, Python, R
Imaging (confocal) Visual Spatial dynamics Semi-quantitative PCA, cluster analysis Fiji, Python (OpenCV)
Omics integration (e.g., RNA-seq) Multidimensional Systems-level insights Complex modeling required ML, regression, clustering TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, R