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. 2025 Jul 1;16:1598815. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1598815

Figure 2.

Illustration depicting the biochemical pathway of lipid biosynthesis in a plastid and endoplasmic reticulum, leading to oil body formation. Key components include Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, Malonyl-CoA, and Acyl-CoA pool, with enzymes such as GPAT, LPAAT, PDAT1, and DGAT facilitating transformations. The process results in various triacylglycerol (TAG) formations linked to the oil body, indicating different synthesis routes like de novo and PC-derived pathways.

Fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol assembly pathways in plants. Blue lines indicate acyl flow direction. Black lines represent the Kennedy pathway. Yellow lines indicate the involvement of PC in the DAG synthesis pathway. Green arrows show TAG synthesis pathways in which PDAT participate. Red arrows represent TAG synthesis pathways involving DGAT2. The dashed lines indicate that the reactions occur less frequently in TAG synthesis pathway. Box with undercolor: Enzymes involved in TAG synthesis pathway. Acyl-CoA pool: elongation≥20C; PC pool: desaturation. Abbreviations: F.A.S: fatty acid synthesis; A.E.: Acyl editing; G3P: glycerol-3-phosphate; LPA: lysophosphatidic acid; PA: phosphatidic acid; DAG: diacylglycerol; PC: phosphatidylcholine; TAG: triacylglycerol; GPAT: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; LPAAT: lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase; PAP: phosphatidic acid phosphatase; DGAT: acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase; PDAT: phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase; CPT: CDP-choline: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase; PDCT: phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. Image modified from Regmi et al., 2020 (doi: 10.1104/pp.20.00461).