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. 2025 Mar 7;22(2):222–232. doi: 10.1007/s10393-025-01707-z

Table 1.

Median and range concentrations of grouped PFASs (in ng/g) in red blood cells of red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis), pacific black duck (Anas superciliosa) and grey teal (Anas gracilis), based on the AIV infection status of each individual.

Comp All samples Red-necked stint
Raw Log Raw Log AIV-negative n = 68 AIV-positive n = 41
% Pall Pall Pstint Pstint Med Range Med Range
ΣPFSAs 94.6 0.215 0.152 0.304 0.038 21.4 (< 0.01–423) 7.17 (1.26–282)
ΣPFCAs 90 0.021 0.318 0.041 0.782 9.40 (< 0.01–93.2) 2.36 (< 0.01–49.2)
ΣPFASs 97.5 0.186 0.306 0.221 0.188 38.3 (< 0.01–467) 10.5 (1.84–331)
Comp Pacific black duck Grey teal
Raw Log AIV-negative n = 28 AIV-positive n = 29 Raw Log AIV-negative n = 33 AIV-positive n = 29
Pduck Pduck Med Range Med Range Pteal Pteal Med Range Med Range
ΣPFSAs 0.341 0.843 19 (< 0.01–504) 30.1 (< 0.01–270) 0.932 0.423 34.3 (< 0.01–143) 38.5 (0.81–159)
ΣPFCAs 0.311 0.239 5.45 (< 0.01–73.5) 3.41 (< 0.01–70.4) 0.963 0.413 3.68 (< 0.01–23.3) 4.56 (< 0.01–23)
ΣPFASs 0.353 0.598 27.9 (< 0.01–599) 36.6 (1.98–292) 0.847 0.366 50.3 (0.3–174) 54.2 (1.7–205)

Where < 0.01 is noted, this means the concentration was below the limit of quantification. Emboldened and bold p values indicate statistical significance between AIV-negative and AIV-positive individuals, for models containing raw or log-transformed PFAS concentrations. Where a value is recorded as NA, this compound was not detected in the species. When p values were adjusted using a Benjamini–Hochberg correction, no significant effects of pollution on AIV infection status were found.