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. 2025 Jul 14;18:129. doi: 10.1186/s12245-025-00940-1

Table 4.

Treatments received for envenomation. N = 135. January 2020- June 2024. DTV-OI. Reunion Island

n a %
Non-drug treatmentb
 Hot water immersion 25 18,5
 Contrast bath therapy 16 11,9
 Cold water 1 0,7
 Flame 1 0,7
 Alcohol pad 1 0,7
Inhaled treatment
 Methoxyflurane inhalation 17 12,6
 Medical nitrous oxide 11 8,1
Drug therapy
 Opioids 93 68,9
 Paracetamol 57 42,2
 Nefopam 9 6,7
 Unknown analgesia 8 5,9
 Antihistamine 5 3,7
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 4 3,0
 Anti-inflammatory drugs 4 3,0
 Anxiolytic therapy 3 2,2
 Ketamine 2 1,5
 Midazolam 1 0,7
 Topical corticosteroids 1 0,7
 Topical antibiotic 1 0,7
Anesthesia
 Local nerve block anesthesia 68 50,4
 Local anesthesia 20 14,8
Prophylaxis
 Antibiotic prophylaxis 76 56,3
 Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis 20 14,8
Other
 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 1 0,7

aPlease note that a patient may receive several treatments

bNon-drug treatments were administered during hospital care