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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jul 16.
Published in final edited form as: Mitochondrial Commun. 2025 Mar 26;3:26–43. doi: 10.1016/j.mitoco.2025.03.001

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Cellular responses to the MT-ND5 mutations. A) Left panel: representative flow cytometry dot plot for baseline apoptosis rate. Cells in Q2 were identified as apoptotic cells (phosphatidylserine positive and caspase-3 double positive). Right panel: baseline apoptosis rate for all groups. B) Left panel: representative flow cytometry dot plot for menadione-induced apoptosis rate. Right panel: menadione induced apoptosis rate for all groups. C) NAD+/NADH ratio. Each c2/n pair has its ratio normalized to c2. Day 6, day 15, and day 19 represents heteroplasmy levels of 34 %, 30 %, and 20 %, respectively. D) Stacked total energy from glycolysis (glycoATP) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mitoATP), as measured and calculated by Seahorse Glycolytic Assay. Each c2/n pair has its value normalized to c2. E) Total ATP estimated from glycolytic assay is validated by CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Cell Viability Assay. F) Compensatory glycolysis, which measures a cell’s maximum capacity for glycolysis, is normalized to the paired c2 for each experiment. G) Representative growth curves for all treatment groups. H) Cell cycle analysis for all groups. All figures with error bars are mean±sem.