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. 2025 Jul 16;15:25771. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04719-5

Table 7.

Results of spatial Durbin model regression.

Variable Livser Infser
Column(1) Column(2) Column(3) Column(4)
dig 0.1712315* (1.77) 0.2014987** (2.08) 0.1024931* (1.73) 0.1019888* (1.80)
W × dig 0.2643043 (0.73) 0.2033454 (0.53)  − 0.8493846 (− 1.45)  − 1.391287** (− 2.41)
Direct effect 0.1790737* (1.80) 0.2089333** (2.11) 0.1131326* (1.83) 0.1267718** (2.11)
Spatial spillover effect 0.3390757 (0.79) 0.3020059 (0.63)  − 0.634601 (− 1.59)  − 0.8057165** (− 2.48)
Total effect 0.5181494 (1.20) 0.5109392 (1.05)  − 0.5214684 (− 1.32)  − 0.6789447** (− 2.13)
Control variables No Yes No Yes
Individual fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sigma2_e 0.0066458*** (16.83) 0.0061734*** (16.83) 0.0037731*** (16.78) 0.0032473*** (16.64)
Log-likelihood 617.3895 638.2343 777.0872 816.4878
Spatial rho 0.1642804* (1.65) 0.1755206* (1.77)  − 0.5396749* (− 1.84)  − 0.9647608*** (− 2.90)
Goodness of fit 0.5153 0.4480 0.4267 0.4061
Number of observations 21,675 21,675 21,675 21,675

Note: *, **, *** indicate significance at the 10%, 5%, 1% level, respectively. The z-values are reported in parentheses. Interaction term results for control variables are not reported in the table due to space constraints.