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. 2025 Jul 16;15:25771. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-04719-5

Table 8.

Spatial Durbin model regression results of moderation effects.

Dependent Variable Livser Infser
Moderator Column(1)Pri Column(2)Rev Column(3)Pri Column(4)Rev
dig 0.1711401* (1.80) 0.1686914* (1.71) 0.0977222* (1.71) 0.1129464* (1.94)
W × dig 0.2752916*** (2.64) 0.2760948** (2.50)  − 0.6328414 (− 1.02)  − 10.270997** (− 2.10)
Direct effect 0.1862895* (1.91) 0.1805984* (1.77) 0.1115226* (1.87) 0.1315395** (2.15)
Spatial spillover effect 0.3207247*** (2.87) 0.3140906*** (2.63)  − 0.3556513 (− 1.10)  − 0.8398076** (− 2.15)
Total effect 0.5070142*** (3.41) 0.494689*** (3.08)  − 0.2441288 (− 0.77)  − 0.7082681* (− 1.82)
mo 0.0361757 (0.35) 0.0080111 (0.64)  − 0.0977627 (− 1.28) 0.1787546** (2.30)
W × mo 0.1790797 (1.14) 0.0464629** (2.29)  − 0.3572594 (− 0.83) 20.380294** (2.30)
Direct effect 0.0529693 (0.55) 0.0106342 (0.89)  − 0.0860523 (− 1.11) 0.1592155** (2.12)
Spatial spillover effect 0.1845444 (1.18) 0.0495781** (2.27 )  − 0.1350182 (− 0.57) 10.379905* (1.90)
Total effect 0.2375137 (1.53) 0.0602123*** (2.61)  − 0.2210706 (− 1.10) 10.539121** (2.12)
dig × mo  − 0.3135959** (− 2.34) 0.0869521** (2.29) 0.2721921*** (2.88) 0.3961138* (1.92)
W × dig × mo 0.6141606*** (3.27)  − 0.157345*** (− 2.93) 10.018715 (1.58)  − 20.173951 (− 0.92)
Direct effect  − 0.296736** (− 2.33) 0.081832** (2.27) 0.2573147*** (2.65) 0.4155621** (2.02)
Spatial spillover effect 0.6314821*** (3.29)  − 0.1549565*** (− 2.91) 0.3695423 (1.03 )  − 10.465397 (− 0.94)
Total effect 0.3347461* (1.80)  − 0.0731245 (− 1.52) 0.626857** (2.03)  − 10.049835 (− 0.69)
Control variables Yes Yes Yes Yes
Individual fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Year fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sigma2_e 0.0057564*** (16.80) 0.0057274*** (16.85) 0.0032007*** (16.56) 0.0033647*** (16.72)
Log-likelihood 657.4769 659.2169 819.3958 808.5412
Spatial rho 0.1349019** (2.54) 0.0942405* (1.74)  − 0.9622352*** (− 3.30)  − 0.7089341** (− 2.26)
Goodness of fit 0.4795 0.4332 0.3989 0.4510
Number of observations 21,675 21,675 21,675 21,675

Note: *, **, *** indicate significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. Values in parentheses are the corresponding z-values. Control variable interaction term results are not reported in the table due to space constraints.