Table 4.

Case reports highlighting renal effects of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy

Author, year	Age/gender	Retinal disease	Anti-VEGF agent(s)	Renal symptoms	Renal diagnosis	Management
Shye et al. 2020 [44]	59 years/M 58 years/M 46 years/M	DR with DME (all cases)	Bevacizumab and ranibizumab	Proteinuria, hypertension, worsening renal function	Collapsing FSGS, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, interstitial nephritis	Dialysis
Hanna et al. 2020 [45]	37 years/F	DR with DME	Bevacizumab	Proteinuria, hypertension	Not specified	Renal replacement therapy
Morales et al. 2021 [46]	56 years/M	DR with DME	Ranibizumab	Proteinuria, worsening renal function	Not specified	Renal replacement therapy
Ahmed et al. 2021 [47]	41 years/M	DR with DME	Bevacizumab	Proteinuria, hypertension, worsening renal function	Diabetic nephropathy	Not specified
Gan et al. 2022 [48]	57 years/M	CRVO	Ranibizumab	Proteinuria, hypertension, worsening renal function	Membranoproliferative GN with nephroangiosclerosis	Discontinuation of injections

Abbreviations: DR diabetic retinopathy, DME diabetic macular edema, CRVO central retinal vein occlusion, FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, GN glomerulonephritis, y years, M/F male/female, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor