Table 4.
Types of errors committed in root canal treatments performed according to nationality.
| Type of error | French (n = 183) | Spanish (n = 51) | Italian (n = 73) | Others (n = 12) | Total (n = 319) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of single root canals performed with errors | 0.028 | |||||
| There is no defect (frequency [%]) | 33 (24.63) | 9 (40.91) | 13 (34.21) | 0 (0.00) | 55 (17.24) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber (frequency [%]) | 27 (20.15) | 7 (31.82) | 5 (13.16) | 4 (50.00) | 43 (13.48) | — |
| Instrumentation (frequency [%]) | 6 (4.48) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (15.79) | 2 (25.00) | 14 (4.39) | — |
| Condensation (frequency [%]) | 20 (14.93) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (15.79) | 1 (12.50) | 27 (8.46) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber and instrumentation (frequency [%]) | 8 (5.97) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (2.51) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber and condensation (frequency [%]) | 21 (15.67) | 3 (13.64) | 4 (10.53) | 0 (0.00) | 28 (8.78) | — |
| Instrumentation and condensation (frequency [%]) | 5 (3.73) | 1 (4.55) | 3 (7.89) | 1 (12.50) | 10 (3.13) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber, instrumentation, and condensation (frequency [%]) | 14 (10.45) | 2 (9.09) | 1 (2.63) | 0 (0.00) | 17 (5.33) | — |
| Type of biradicular root canals performed with errors | 0.034 | |||||
| There is no defect (frequency [%]) | 6 (4.58) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.63) | 1 (14.29) | 8 (2.51) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber (frequency [%]) | 14 (10.69) | 1 (4.55) | 8 (21.05) | 1 (14.29) | 24 (7.52) | — |
| Instrumentation (frequency [%]) | 7 (5.34) | 4 (18.18) | 2 (5.26) | 3 (42.86) | 16 (5.02) | — |
| Condensation (frequency [%]) | 30 (22.90) | 5 (22.73) | 6 (15.79) | 0 (0.00) | 41 (12.85) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber and instrumentation (frequency [%]) | 2 (1.53) | 2 (9.09) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (1.25) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber and condensation (frequency [%]) | 43 (32.82) | 5 (22.73) | 9 (23.68) | 1 (14.29) | 58 (18.18) | — |
| Instrumentation and condensation (frequency [%]) | 8 (6.11) | 2 (9.09) | 4 (10.53) | 0 (0.00) | 14 (4.39) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber, instrumentation, and condensation (frequency [%]) | 21 (16.03) | 3 (13.64) | 8 (21.05) | 1 (14.29) | 33 (10.34) | — |
| Type of multiple root canals performed with errors | 0.281 | |||||
| There is no defect (frequency [%]) | 2 (1.53) | 1 (4.55) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.94) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber (frequency [%]) | 6 (4.58) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (8.11) | 0 (0.00) | 9 (2.82) | — |
| Instrumentation (frequency [%]) | 4 (3.05) | 1 (4.55) | 3 (8.11) | 2 (28.57) | 10 (3.13) | — |
| Condensation (frequency [%]) | 10 (7.63) | 2 (9.09) | 3 (8.11) | 0 (0.00) | 15 (4.70) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber and instrumentation (frequency [%]) | 6 (4.58) | 1 (4.55) | 3 (8.11) | 1 (14.29) | 11 (3.45) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber and condensation (frequency [%]) | 49 (37.40) | 8 (36.36) | 9 (24.32) | 1 (14.29) | 67 (21.00) | — |
| Instrumentation and condensation (frequency [%]) | 11 (8.40) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (16.22) | 0 (0.00) | 17 (5.33) | — |
| Opening of the pulp chamber, instrumentation, and condensation (frequency [%]) | 43 (32.82) | 9 (40.91) | 10 (27.03) | 3 (42.86) | 65 (20.38) | — |
Note: Data are presented as the number of students and percentage (%). Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the type of error and nationality. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.