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. 2025 Jul 4;13:1588041. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1588041

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Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Li and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing multiple SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) visualizations: A) Bar chart ranking feature importance with 'le8_bmi' highest. B) Beeswarm plot depicting feature impact. C) Heatmap illustrating feature contributions across samples. D) Line plot showing SHAP value distributions. E) Scatter plots and heat plots detailing SHAP impact for individual features. — SHAP diagram. (A) SHAP importance plot; (B) SHAP bees plot; (C) SHAP heatmap; (D) SHAP line plot; (E) SHAP heat plot with age, race, Le8 BMI, Le8 smoke, Le8 pa, CD, CS, SN, and TL.