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. 2025 Jun 27;13:1589309. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1589309

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Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Chen, Li, Du, Li, Cheng, Shi, Li, Zhou, Wei, Du and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The frontier analysis, represented by a solid black line, explores the relationship between the SDI and ASR in the context of amputations among children and adolescents, covering incidence (A,B), prevalence (C,D), and YLDs (E,F). The gradient colors in panels (A,C,E) indicate the change over time, with the lighter shades representing 1990 and the darkest shades representing 2021. In panels (B,D,F) each point represents a specific country or region in 2021, with the 15 countries showing the greatest deviation from the frontier marked in black. Countries with low SDI (> 0.5) and minimal deviation from the frontier are highlighted in blue, while those with high SDI (>0.85) and significant deviation in development levels are highlighted in red. The direction of ASR change from 1990 to 2021 is indicated by the color of the dots, with decreasing dots showing a decline and increasing dots indicating a rise.