Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Patients
| NormalTTE (n = 790) | HFpEF Features (n = 277) | Small LV (n = 142) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Sex, % males | 55 | 51 | 54 | 0.67 |
| Age, yr | 63 ± 8 | 68 ± 8 | 64 ± 8 | <0.001*† |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 4.8 | 27.0 ± 5 | 24.4 ± 5 | <0.001*‡ |
| Muscle mass, kg | 26.7 ± 7.4 | 26.4 ± 7.0 | 24.8 ± 7.6 | 0.019*‡ |
| Muscle mass index, kg/m2 | 17.6 (10.6–30.8) | 16.0 (9.4–30.4) | 12.4 (7.5–25.6) | 0.005*‡ |
| Current smokers, % | 25 | 28 | 22 | 0.48 |
| Pulmonary characteristics | ||||
| Severe COPD,§ % | 35 | 34 | 57 | <0.001 |
| FEV1, % | 60 ± 21 | 59 ± 20 | 51 ± 22 | <0.001*‡ |
| RV, % | 163 ± 51 | 157 ± 51 | 183 ± 59 | <0.001*‡ |
| DlCO, % | 60 ± 22 | 60 ± 21 | 52 ± 21 | 0.002*‡ |
| CT-LAA, % | 16 (5.8–26.4) | 12.1 (3.1–14.5) | 30 (14–35.5) | 0.017*‡ |
| Exacerbation rate,‖ % | 32 | 34 | 42 | 0.094 |
| 6-min-walk distance, m | 438 ± 101 | 406 ± 105 | 411 ± 100 | <0.001†‡ |
| mMRC dyspnea scale :2, % | 40 | 45 | 48 | 0.15 |
| Cardiac characteristics | ||||
| Cardiovascular comorbidities, % | ||||
| CAD | 12 | 27 | 9 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 52 | 63 | 48 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11 | 18 | 8 | 0.004 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 40 | 45 | 36 | 0.24 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 158 (27–335) | 439 (314–694) | 223 (51–371) | <0.001*† |
| hs-troponin I, ng/L | 3.6 (2.2–6.4) | 4.0 (2.6–7.4) | 3.3 (2.2–4.8) | 0.002*†‡ |
| E/A ratio | 0.89 (0.73–1.1) | 0.83 (0.71–1.05) | 0.81 (0.70–1.0) | 0.021‡ |
| E/e′ ratio | 7.8 (6.4–9.4) | 9.1 (6.9–11.0) | 7.7 (5.7–9.7) | <0.01*† |
| e′septal, cm/s | 7.6 (6.2–9.1) | 7.3 (5.9–9.0) | 8.1 (6.3–10.0) | 0.037* |
| e′lateral, cm/s | 9.8 (8.0–11.7) | 9.0 (7.5–11.2) | 9.1 (7.9–12.0) | 0.15 |
| a′septal, cm/s | 10.7 (9.2–12.0) | 9.5 (8.0–11.6) | 11.0 (9.2–13) | <0.001*† |
| a′lateral, cm/s | 11.6 (9.3–14.0) | 11.0 (8.6–13.0) | 13.0 (10.0–15.0) | <0.01*† |
| LV mass index | 92 (78–105) | 135 (113–153) | 66 (55–79) | <0.001*†‡ |
| TAPSE, cm | 2.41 ± 0.39 | 2.34 ± 0.5 | 2.28 ± 0.37 | <0.001†‡ |
| Left atrial diameter, cm | 3.5 ± 0.44 | 3.9 ± 0.84 | 3.1 ± 0.54 | <0.001*†‡ |
| ACE inhibitors, % | 22 | 26 | 22 | 0.51 |
| β blockers, % | 17 | 40 | 11 | <0.01*† |
| Statins, % | 18 | 26 | 14 | <0.01*† |
Definition of abbreviations: a′ = late diastolic velocity obtained by tissue doppler imaging; ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; CAD = coronary artery disease; CT-LAA = lung low attenuation area per computed tomography; e′ = mitral annular early diastolic velocity; E/A = the ratio between early and late ventricular filling velocity; E/e′ = ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV = left ventricle; mMRC = modified Medical Research Council; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; RV = residual lung volume; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TTE = transthoracic echocardiography.
Values are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). CT-LAA was available for n = 84, n = 25, and n = 14 patients with normalTTE, HFpEF, and small LV, respectively. E/e′ was available for n = 699, n = 169, and n = 85 patients with normalTTE, HFpEF, and small LV, respectively. E/A was available for n = 906, n = 221, and n = 135 patients with normalTTE, HFpEF, and small LV, respectively.
Post hoc analysis P < 0.05 between small LV versus HFpEF.
Post hoc analysis P < 0.05 between HFpEF versus normalTTE.
Post hoc analysis P < 0.05 between small LV versus normalTTE.
Severe COPD indicates patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages III–IV.
Moderate-severe exacerbation within the previous 12 months to baseline study visit.