Table 3.

Data on postoperative acute and chronic pain in the three groups of patients

	Group C	Group E	Group Q	P value	P value	P value	P value
	n = 39	n = 42	n = 39		C vs Q	C vs E	Q vs E
Moderate to severe pain
Within 24 h	18 (46.2%)	7 (16.7%)	8 (20.5%)	0.006	0.016a	0.004b	0.656
Within 48 h	3 (7.7%)	2 (2.4%)	3 (7.7%)	0.496	1	0.27	0.27
Rescue analgesia within 24 h	12 (30.8%)	3 (7.1%)	4 (10.3%)	0.007	0.025c	0.006d	0.141
Chronic pain
Incidence of chronic pain at 3 months	28 (71.8%)	24 (57.1%)	11 (19.5%)	< 0.01	< 0.001e	0.246	0.009f
Maximum VAS in chronic pain	1(1, 2)	1(1, 2)	1(1, 2)	0.923	–	–	–
Neuropathic pain	10 (25.6%)	11 (26.2%)	3 (7.7%)	0.065	–	–	–

Values are expressed as a number with the percentage in parentheses

CI Confidence interval, OR odds ratio, VAS visual analog score

^aGroup C, group receiving conventional care, with no nerve block; group E, group receiving erector spinae plane block (ESPB); group Q, group receiving posterior quadratus lumborum block (posterior QLB)

^bOR = 0.301, 95% CI: 0.111-0.819

^cOR = 0.257, 95% CI: 0.075–0.887

^dOR = 0.154, 95% CI: 0.058–0.414

^eOR = 0.233, 95% CI: 0.084–0.652

^gOR = 0.173, 95% CI: 0.045–0.672

^gOR = 3.394, 95% CI: 1.343–8.579