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. 2025 Jul 8;16:1601585. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1601585

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Copyright © 2025 Ren, Li, Zhang, Yang, Liu, Fan and Xiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stacked area charts compare suitable land area for agriculture under different scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) over four time periods: current, 2050s, 2070s, 2090s. Categories include total, generally suitable, moderately suitable, and highly suitable areas in distinct colors. — (a-c) Predicted suitable area for the M. officinalis for the current, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s under different climate scenarios (unit: 10⁴ km²).