Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at baseline.
| Variable | Total (n = 18,146) | No statin use (n = 10,259) | Statin use (n = 7887) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 63.4 ± 16.0 | 59.0 ± 17.6 | 69.1 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, female, n (%) | 7217 (39.8) | 4468 (43.6) | 2749 (34.9) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.1 ± 6.6 | 28.7 ± 6.7 | 29.6 ± 6.4 | < 0.001 |
| Insurance type, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Medicaid | 1377 (7.6) | 1050 (10.2) | 327 (4.1) | |
| Medicare | 7920 (43.6) | 3961 (38.6) | 3959 (50.2) | |
| Other | 8849 (48.8) | 5248 (51.2) | 3601 (45.7) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Unmarried | 7801 (43.0) | 4879 (47.6) | 2922 (37) | |
| Married | 8277 (45.6) | 4014 (39.1) | 4263 (54.1) | |
| Unknown | 2068 (11.4) | 1366 (13.3) | 702 (8.9) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Caucasian | 11,714 (64.6) | 6254 (61) | 5460 (69.2) | |
| Other | 6432 (35.4) | 4005 (39) | 2427 (30.8) | |
| CRRT, n (%) | 1354 (7.5) | 913 (8.9) | 441 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Vasoactive drugs, n (%) | 11,792 (65.0) | 6003 (58.5) | 5789 (73.4) | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85.7 ± 15.3 | 88.1 ± 16.6 | 82.6 ± 12.9 | < 0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 77.0 ± 9.6 | 77.9 ± 10.2 | 75.8 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
| Respiration rate (bpm) | 19.1 ± 3.8 | 19.5 ± 4.1 | 18.5 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.9 ± 0.6 | 37.0 ± 0.7 | 36.8 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| WBC count (×109) | 13.3 ± 6.8 | 13.2 ± 7.4 | 13.5 ± 6.0 | 0.012 |
| Hb (g/L) | 10.6 ± 2.0 | 10.7 ± 2.1 | 10.5 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
| Plt (×109) | 197.5 ± 102.6 | 203.8 ± 112.6 | 189.2 ± 87.3 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 143.2 ± 44.6 | 142.9 ± 47.6 | 143.5 ± 40.4 | 0.405 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.7 ± 4.5 | 138.9 ± 5.0 | 138.5 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 18.5 (13.0, 29.5) | 19.0 (12.5, 31.0) | 18.5 (14.0, 27.5) | 0.13 |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.02 |
| PH | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| PCO2 (mmHg) | 42.1 ± 9.1 | 42.3 ± 10.0 | 41.9 ± 7.7 | 0.01 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 281.3 ± 119.4 | 284.5 ± 125.4 | 277.0 ± 111.1 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| SAPS II | 41.7 ± 14.6 | 41.3 ± 15.8 | 42.2 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 |
| SOFA score | 6.4 ± 3.5 | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 5.6 ± 2.9 | 5.1 ± 3.1 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 12,705 (70.0) | 7593 (74) | 5112 (64.8) | < 0.001 |
| MI, n (%) | 3520 (19.4) | 949 (9.3) | 2571 (32.6) | < 0.001 |
| CHF, n (%) | 5040 (27.8) | 2244 (21.9) | 2796 (35.5) | < 0.001 |
| CBVD, n (%) | 3013 (16.6) | 1642 (16) | 1371 (17.4) | 0.013 |
| CPD, n (%) | 4644 (25.6) | 2465 (24) | 2179 (27.6) | < 0.001 |
| Rheumatic disease, n (%) | 573 (3.2) | 323 (3.1) | 250 (3.2) | 0.935 |
| Diabetes without complication, n (%) | 4301 (23.7) | 1869 (18.2) | 2432 (30.8) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes with complications, n (%) | 1709 (9.4) | 704 (6.9) | 1005 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 3477 (19.2) | 1629 (15.9) | 1848 (23.4) | < 0.001 |
| Malignant cancer, n (%) | 1972 (10.9) | 1420 (13.8) | 552 (7) | < 0.001 |
| Severe liver disease, n (%) | 1148 (6.3) | 1044 (10.2) | 104 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Analgesia, h, median (IQR) | 62.0 (27.0, 147.0) | 68.0 (26.0, 171.5) | 56.0 (28.0, 120.0) | < 0.001 |
| Sedation, h, median (IQR) | 62.0 (27.2, 161.0) | 78.0 (33.0, 196.0) | 48.0 (23.0, 116.0) | < 0.001 |
| Delirium, n (%) | 1381 (7.6) | 757 (7.4) | 624 (7.9) | 0.18 |
| Ventilation, h, median (IQR) | 22.0 (10.0, 64.0) | 29.0 (13.0, 81.0) | 16.0 (8.0, 42.0) | < 0.001 |
| ICU stay, d | 3.7 (2.0, 7.7) | 4.1 (2.2, 8.8) | 3.2 (1.7, 6.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital stay, d | 9.2 (5.7, 15.9) | 9.8 (5.6, 17.9) | 8.8 (5.9, 13.9) | < 0.001 |
| 30‐day mortality, n (%) | 3051 (16.8) | 2275 (22.2) | 776 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
| 90‐day mortality, n (%) | 3264 (18.0) | 2437 (23.8) | 827 (10.5) | < 0.001 |
Note: For each variable, mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (percent) was reported (as appropriate).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CBVD, cerebrovascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CPD, chronic pulmonary disease; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; d, days; h, hours; Hb, hemoglobin; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MI, myocardial infarct; PLT, platelets; SAPS, simplified acute physiology Score; Scr, serum creatinine; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; WBC, white blood cell.