Table 2.

List of the brain organoids and neural tissue constructs used for neurotoxicity testing.

Sl. No.	References	Type of 3D culture	Applications
1	Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived neuronal cells cultured on chemically-defined hydrogels for sensitive in vitro detection of botulinum neurotoxin. Pellett et al. 2015 (Pellett et al., 2015)	Neural Tissue Constructs	To study neurotoxicity of Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT).
2	Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural constructs for predicting neural toxicity. Schwartz et al. 2015 (Schwartz et al., 2015)	Neural Tissue Constructs	To evaluate drug and chemical safety.
3	Neurovascular organotypic culture models using induced pluripotent stem cells to assess adverse chemical exposure outcomes. Nguyen et al. 2019 (Nguyen et al., 2019)	Neural Tissue Constructs	To investigate the impact of chemicals on neurovascular vessel integrity.
4	Assessment of drug-induced toxicity biomarkers in the brain microphysiological system (MPS) using targeted and untargeted molecular profiling. Mina et al. 2019 (Mina et al., 2019)	Neural Tissue Constructs	To study drug-induced neurotoxicity.
5	Engineered perineural vascular plexus for modeling developmental toxicity. Kaushik et al. 2020 (Kaushik et al., 2020)	Neural Tissue Constructs	To study xenobiotics induced pathological responses in a developing nervous system.
6	Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure. Qian et al. 2016 (Qian et al., 2016)	Brain Organoids	To evaluate neurotoxicity of bisphenol A and other similar types of neurotoxicants.
7	Engineering brain organoids to probe impaired neurogenesis induced by cadmium. Yin et al. 2018 (Yin et al., 2018)	Brain Organoids	To investigate neural dysfunctions caused by cadmium (Cd) exposure.
8	PM2.5 induces developmental neurotoxicity in cortical organoids. Han et al. 2024 (Han et al., 2024)	Brain Organoids	To study particulate matter (PM), specifically PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity.
9	Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural organoids as a novel in vitro platform for developmental neurotoxicity assessment. Hongen et al. 2024 (Hongen et al., 2024)	Brain Organoids	To study chemical (rotenone)-induced neurotoxicity.
10	Modeling alcohol-induced neurotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids. Arzua et al. 2020 (Arzua et al., 2020)	Brain Organoids	To study alcohol-induced neurotoxicity.
11	Probing impaired neurogenesis in human brain organoids exposed to alcohol. Zhu et al. 2017 (Zhu et al., 2017)	Brain Organoids	To study the effects of alcohol exposure on fetal brain development.
12	Human cerebral organoids as a therapeutic drug screening model for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Groveman et al. 2021 (Groveman et al., 2021)	Brain Organoids	To screen drugs for neurodegenerative Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
13	Human iNSC-derived brain organoid model of lysosomal storage disorder in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Lee and co-workers. 2020 (Lee et al., 2020)	Brain Organoids	To test drugs for Niemann-Pick disease type C.
14	Neurotoxicity of phenylalanine on human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids. Kim et al. 2022 (Kim et al., 2022)	Brain Organoids	To study neurotoxicity of phenylalanine in the developing human brain.
15	Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids as potential human model system for chemotherapy induced CNS toxicity. Scholz et al. 2022 (Scholz et al., 2022)	Brain Organoids	To investigate paclitaxel induced toxicity in the central nervous system.