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. 2025 Jul 23;15:26695. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11192-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Number of dogs with a 100% side preference in (1) both the spontaneous and the cued task, either (2) the spontaneous or (3) the cued task only, and (4) neither of the tasks. Data are shown separately for the three easy cued tasks (sustained pointing, momentary blocked pointing, momentary random pointing) and the two hard cued tasks (elbow pointing, food preference). A dog is considered to show side preference in the easy or hard cued category if it displayed a 6/6 biased choice in any task within that category.