Table 2.
Risk of Bias assessment of included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools
| Author | 1. Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? | 2.Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | 3.Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | 4.Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? | 5.Were confounding factors identified? | 6.Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | 7.Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | 8.Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Overall appraisal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naseh (2017) [48] | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Naseh (2014) [31] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Moghadas (2012) [32] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Taghaddosinejad et al. (2014) [43] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Alaei (2023) [52] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | No | Not applicable | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Sarhadi (2016) [55] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Hosseinzadeh (2017) [40] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Rastegari (2011) [18] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Bahrami (2019) [56] | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | No | Unclear | Yes | Seek further info |
| Zarghami (2010) [33] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Zandian (2017) [46] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Wasserman (2016) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Vakili (2013) [41] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Senmar (2016) [60] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Senmar (2020) [61] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Safarpour (2019) [57] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Malary (2018) [36] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Rafi (2019) [72] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Naseh (2015) [34] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Naseh (2016) [48] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Mohammadi (2014) [59] | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Seek further info |
| Moghadam (2019) [49] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Khosravi (2023) [44] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Khatony (2022) [35] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Jahromi (2022) [37] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | No | Unclear | Yes | Seek further info |
| Hosseinzadeh (2017) [40] | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | Seek further info |
| Kachoie (2011) [47] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Golestan (2019) [54] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Emami Zeydi (2022) [38] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Asadi (2014) [50] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Andevari (2020) [58] | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Amiri (2022) [39] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Alborzi (2018) [51] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Aghababaei (2011) [53] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Aghababaei (2012) [73] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |
| Tavoisiyan (2009) [42] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Include |