Table 1. Some nanocarrier types and characteristics.

Type	Advantages	Disadvantages
Polymeric Lu et al., 2021	Stability More amenable to surface decoration Controlled release Can be designed for stimulus-specific degradation	No endosomal escape mechanism Lower loading ability Immunogenic Difficult to synthesize in a controlled fashion
Liposomes, Micelles, and Emulsions Lu et al., 2021	Modular components FDA-approved products Biocompatible Simple to produce Can load hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargo	Scale up Extra-hepatic delivery is challenging Less stable
Lipid Nanoparticles Lu et al., 2021	FDA-approved products Ideal for nucleic acid cargo Endosomal escape Biocompatible	Immunogenic Extra-hepatic delivery is challenging Less stable, especially at 4 °C
Lipoprotein Damiano et al., 2013; Thaxton et al., 2016	Biocompatible Biomimicry Natural metabolic trafficking target	Complex - quality control and scale up is costly Purification challenges
Exosomes Colombo et al., 2014	Physiologic delivery system Low risk of immunogenicity Longer circulation times	Heterogeneous loading Labor-intensive isolation