TABLE 1.
Study population characteristics. Values presented as n/N (%) or mean (SD).
| Females (n = 1790) | Males (n = 1794) | p‐Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||
| Study group | |||
| GINIplus | 1187/1790 (66.3%) | 1152/1794 (64.2%) | .194 |
| Observation | 718/1187 (60.5%) | 670/1152 (58.2%) | |
| Intervention | 469/1187 (39.5%) | 482/1152 (41.8%) | |
| LISA | 603/1790 (33.7%) | 642/1793 (35.8%) | |
| Recruitment region | |||
| Munich | 971/1790 (54.2%) | 988/1794 (55.1%) | .957 |
| Leipzig | 146/1790 (8.2%) | 140/1794 (7.8%) | |
| Bad Honnef | 74/1790 (4.1%) | 72/1794 (4.0%) | |
| Wesel | 599/1790 (33.5%) | 594/1794 (33.1%) | |
| Parental education (proxy for SES) | |||
| Low | 95/1784 (5.3%) | 110/1789 (6.1%) | .507 |
| Medium | 462/1784 (25.9%) | 472/1789 (26.4%) | |
| High | 1227/1784 (68.8%) | 1207/1789 (67.5%) | |
| Parental atopy [yes vs. no] | 1007/1787 (56.4%) | 1022/1792 (57.0%) | .686 |
| Early‐life infections [yes vs. no] | 798/1790 (44.6%) | 904/1794 (50.4%) | <.001 |
| 10‐year follow‐up | 15‐year follow‐up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females (n = 1790) | Males (n = 1794) | p‐Value | Females (n = 1790) | Males (n = 1794) | p‐Value | |
| Follow‐ups | ||||||
| Onset of puberty [yes vs. no] | 810/1765 (45.9%) | 202/1774 (11.4%) | <.001 | |||
| SDQ total difficulties [borderline/abnormal vs. normal] | 200/1790 (11.2%) | 313/1794 (17.4%) | <.001 | |||
| Emotional problems | 319/1790 (17.8%) | 298/1794 (16.6%) | .353 | |||
| Conduct problems | 158/1790 (8.8%) | 248/1794 (13.8%) | <.001 | |||
| Hyperactivity/inattention | 145/1790 (8.1%) | 304/1794 (16.9%) | <.001 | |||
| Peer problems | 112/1790 (6.3%) | 166/1794 (9.3%) | <.001 | |||
| Problems in prosocial behavior | 85/1790 (4.7%) | 177/1794 (9.9%) | <.001 | |||
| Age | 15.08 (.31) | 15.07 (.30) | .239 | |||
| BMI | 20.15 (2.67) | 20.39 (3.09) | .016 | |||
| Eczema ever [yes vs. no] | 517/1790 (28.9%) | 512/1794 (28.5%) | .825 | |||
| Allergic rhinitis ever [yes vs. no] | 370/1790 (20.7%) | 465/1794 (25.9%) | <.001 | |||
| Total energy intake [kcal/day] | 1779.28 (569.74) | 2358.84 (669.73) | <.001 | |||
| Total starch [% EI] | 28.12 (7.26) | 26.68 (7.49) | <.001 | |||
| Total sucrose [% EI] | 11.04 (4.12) | 10.68 (4.11) | .031 | |||
| Fruits and vegetables [% EI] | 7.28 (5.16) | 4.27 (3.03) | <.001 | |||
| Asthma currenta [yes vs. no] | 73/1768 (4.1%) | 130/1768 (7.4%) | <.001 | 92/1790 (5.1%) | 139/1794 (7.7%) | .002 |
| Asthma endotype currentb | ||||||
| Atopic asthma | 40/1086 (3.7%) | 76/1099 (6.9%) | .003 | 56/1122 (5.0%) | 79/1099 (7.2%) | .094 |
| Non‐atopic asthma | 17/1086 (1.6%) | 17/1099 (1.5%) | 16/1122 (1.4%) | 14/1099 (1.3%) | ||
| No asthma | 1029/1086 (94.8%) | 1006/1099 (91.5%) | 1050/1122 (93.6%) | 1006/1099 (91.5%) | ||
Note: p‐values were obtained from Fisher's exact test for binary variables, chi‐squared test for categorical variables with more than two categories and t‐test for continuous variables. Significant sex differences are highlighted in bold. Please note that the sample size from asthma current and asthma endotype differ because of specific inclusion criteria: apositive parent‐reported medical diagnosis, whistling or wheezing symptoms, and medical treatment against asthma (at least two criteria); bspecific IgE levels.
Abbreviation: % EI, percentage of total daily energy intake.