. 2025 Jul 23;23:439. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-04231-7

Table 4.

Mean ± SEM or median (range) ligament outcomes for umbilical cord (UC) or control (C) for 8 horses/site

		Duration after injection (days)
Outcome	Ligament	0	1	3	5	10	21
Circumference (cm)	C	21.4 ± 0.4	21.6 ± 0.3	21.6 ± 0.6	21.9 ± 0.6	22.1 ± 0.8	21.6 ± 0.7
Circumference (cm)	UC	21.3 ± 0.3	21.5 ± 0.3	21.7 ± 0.4	22.0 ± 0.6	21.7 ± 0.6	21.5 ± 0.6
Pain on pressure (0–4)^a	C	0	0	0	0	0	0
Pain on pressure (0–4)^a	UC	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lameness score (0–4)^b	C	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lameness score (0–4)^b	UC	0	0	0	0	0	0

^a Pain scores: 0 = none, 1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = marked

^bAmerican Association of Equine Practitioners Lameness Grades: 0 = no lameness; 1 = intermittent lameness at trot; 2 = consistent lameness under special circumstances; 3 = consistent lameness at the trot; 4 = lameness at the walk; 5 = nonweight-bearing lameness