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. 2025 Jul 23;23:439. doi: 10.1186/s12916-025-04231-7

Table 7.

Trends in mean synovial fluid values in osteoarthritic joints injected with umbilical cord allograft

Day 0 Day 1 Day 3 Day 10 Day 28
TNCC1 (cells/μL) 150.0 9,000 2,400 250.0 200.0
Albumin (g/dL) 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.0
Globulin (g/dL) 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.4
IL-1a 1386.5 1204.0 1160.0 1271.0 1314.5
IL-1ra 429.0 4926.0 2086.0 447.5 636.5
IL-1ra/IL-1a 0.3 4.1 1.8 0.4 0.5
IL-10 280.0 529.5 493.5 328.0 353.5
VEGF 1535.5 1905.5 2253.0 1641.5 1850.5
HA 127.7 301.2 303.4 175.0 122.7
IFNg 215.0 209.5 200.5 205.5 309.0
IL-2 1095.0 1131.0 1161.0 1198.0 1202.5
IL-4 147.0 142.0 125.0 117.5 462.5
IL-8 1039.0 2017.0 1105.5 1017.5 1173.0
IL-15 882.5 863.5 766.5 842.5 1028.0
MCP-1 2082.5 2514.0 5071.0 1887.5 1965.0

1TNCC total nucleated cell count (cells/μL); normal range is < 1000 TNCC/μL; see abbreviations in Table 3 for cytokines

Total protein values < 2.0 g/dL are within acceptable limits, however, typically are ≤ 1.5 g/dL in synovial fluid. Values ranging from 2.0 to 4.5 gm/dL reflect a transudate, and over 4.5 g/dL reflect an exudate

Normal synovial fluid values for albumin are < 1.2 g/dL and for globulin are < 3.3 g/dL