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. 2025 Jul 24;57(7):320. doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04529-x

Table 6.

Effect of Kalahari melon essential oil and butyric acid blend on nutritional status in growing pigs

Parameter NC PC KEO BA KEBA SE SIG IDEXX
Total protein (g/L) 103.88a 109.50a 99.63b 78.71c 60.33c 8.972 ** 60–80
Cholesterol (mmol/L) 1.91 3.18 2.21 1.99 2.31 0.850 NS 0.46–2.04
Glucose (mmol/L) 4.00b 6.32a 6.03a 2.13c 3.56c 0.663 *** 4.7–8.9
Calcium (mmol/L) 2.35 2.05 2.05 2.20 2.25 0.601 NS 1.63–2.85
Phosphorus (mmol/L) 3.90 5.20 5.02 4.46 4.62 0.562 NS 1.2–3.0

a,b,cmeans in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05). ***(P < 0.0005),** (P < 0.005),*(P < 0.05) and NS, no significant difference. NC, Negative control (without growth promoter); PC, Positive control (with growth promoter); KEO, Kalahari melon essential oil; BA, Butyric acid; KEBA, Kalahari melon essential oil and Butyric acid blend