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Schematic of the ED cell setup. The example shown is for the two IEM pair case (i.e., 2 AEMs and 3 CEMs). VFAs move through AEMs toward the positively charged (+) anode. NH4 + moves through CEMs toward the negatively charged (−) cathode. The symbols κC and κD represent the conductivity probes in the C and D reservoirs, respectively. The symbols ΔP C and ΔP D represent the pressure transducers connected to the inlet and outlet of the C and D compartments, respectively.
