Table 2.

The expression and functional profiles of TSPs across musculoskeletal tissues under varied mechanical loading conditions

Physiological/Pathological States	Expression Tissue/Cell Type	Mechanical Stimulus	Name of TSPs	TSPs Function	Ref.
Muscle hypertrophy	Interstitial mesenchymal progenitor cells	Mechanical loading	TSP-1↑	Driving muscle stem cell (MuSC) proliferation.	[94]
Bone formation & remodeling	Periosteal CD68 + F4/80- myeloid cells	Piezo1-mediated mechanical sensing	TSP-1↑	Promoting osteoprogenitor recruitment and periosteal bone formation.	[95]
Stem cell chondrogenesis	Stem cells	Pressure	TSP-2↑	Enhancing chondrogenesis via NF-κB signaling activation.	[17]
Osteoarthritis progression	Knee cartilage	Mechanical overloading (knee varus)	TSP-1↑	Reduced expression correlates with cartilage degeneration and disease progression.	[98]