Table 3.
The expression and pathobiological functions of TSPs in fibrotic and neoplastic tissues modulated by matrix stiffness
| Pathological States | Expression Tissue/Cell Type | Mechanical Stimulus | Name of TSPs | TSPs Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatic fibrosis | Serum (T2DM cohorts) | Liver stiffness progression | TSP-2↑ | Serving as a stage-specific diagnostic biomarker of fibrotic severity | [100] |
| Hepatic fibrosis | Serum | Liver stiffness progression | TSP-2↑ | Independent predictor of advanced fibrosis (≥ F3) development | [101] |
| Hepatic fibrosis | Diabetic fibrotic lesions fibroblasts | ECM crosslinking dysregulation | TSP-2↑ | Mediating fibroblast dysfunction via cytoskeletal dynamics dysregulation | [104] |
| Stiff skin syndrome (SSS) | Dermal fibrotic compartment | Dermal matrix stiffening | TSP-1↑ | Driving inflammation-independent dermal fibrosis via ECM deposition (Col1a2, fibronectin-1) | [102] |
| Scleroderma | Scleroderma fibroblasts | TSP-1↑ | Promoting ECM accumulation via TGF-β mechanotransduction | [103] | |
| Breast cancer | Tumor microenvironment/exosomes | Matrix stiffening | TSP-1↑ | Enhancing invasiveness via MMP-mediated ECM degradation and FAK-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling | [105] |
| Breast cancer | Tumor microenvironment | Stiffness-tuned exosomal release | TSP-1↑ | Enhancing intercellular communication networks that propagate metastatic phenotypes across rigid tumor niches | [106] |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) | Stiff matrix conditions | TSP-1↑ | Inducing EMT and chemoresistance | [48] |