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. 2025 Jul 24;26:220. doi: 10.1186/s13059-025-03680-w

Table 1.

Twenty-five cRegulons for human fetal atlas, as well as their top TFs and enriched biological functions

cRegulon Top TFs Enriched functions
Neural state M1 FOXG1, RFX4, NEUROD2, NEUROG2, ASCL1, ESRRB Neural progenitor state
M2 PAX3, RFX4, POU3F2/F3, OLIG1, NEUROD2, PAX6 Postmitotic early neuron
M3 TFAP2A, LHX-, POU3F2, OLIG, EN- Postmitotic late neuron
M4 VAX-, RAX-, VSX-, NEUROD/G-, PAX6 Ocular development
M5 OLIG1/2/3, PAX6, NR2E1, VAX1, SOX8, SOX9, GLI3 Neuroglia
M6 TFAP2B, SOX11, ASCL1, PHOX2B, PHOX2A Sympathetic system
M7 NEUROD1, HNF1A, FOXA2 Neuroendocrine system
M8 HMX3, NEUROG1, POU4F2, DBX2 Neuromuscular system
Pancreatic state M9 HNF4A, HES1, PROX1, HNF1A, ONECUT1, GATA6, PDX1 Pancreas exocrine
M10 GATA6, INSM1 Pancreas endocrine

Hemopoiesis

and immunity

M11 MAFB, SIX4, SIX1, TCF7, LEF1, STAT4 Immune cells
M12 STAT5B, TAL1, GATA2, GATA1 Hemopoiesis
M13 IRF4, IRF1, IRF7, IRF8, IRF5, IRF9 Cytokine signals
Muscular state M14 FOXF1, TBX18, NFATC4, TBX2, HLX, NR2F2, MSC, MEOX2 Muscle organ development
M15 MYOG, TBX1, MYOD1, MYF6, MYF5 Muscle structure

Mes-endoderm

state

M16 HOX-, WT1, FOXC2, GLI3, ARID5B, TCF21, GLI2 AP pattern of internal organs
M17 HOX-, HEY2, TBX3, NFATC4, TBX2

AP pattern of skeleton and

muscle

M18 CEBPA, XBP1, ONECUT2, HNF4A, ONECUT1, HNF1A, NR1H3, PPARG

Lipid-glucose homeostasis

and transport activity

M19 FOXB1, PAX8, PAX2 Kidney development
M20 OSR2, HLX, MYC, TWIST1, TWIST2, MSX1, FOXO4 Adrenal gland
M21 CEBPA, CEBPB, EPAS1, GATA2, DLX- Placental development
M22 FOXC1, EPAS1, TAL1, ID1, MEOX2, ELK3 Angiogenesis

Epi-endothelial

state

M23 AIRE, FOXN1, PRDM1, SPDEF Epithelium transport
M24 JUN-, FOS-, FOXA1, SOX9, GRHL2, RREB1 Epithelium structure
M25 JUN-, FOS-, FOXC1, KLF5, ID1, HOXB3, MEOX2 Endothelium