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. 2025 Jul 25;13:46. doi: 10.1186/s40352-025-00356-2

Table 2.

Uncontrolled experimental results on a sample of 4,661 South Carolinians

DEA Treatment NIH Treatment
AME (S.E.) 95% C.I. AME (S.E.) 95% C.I.
Treatment-Based Approaches -0.036 (0.018)* -0.071, -0.001 -0.023 (0.018) -0.057, 0.012
Get Tough Approaches 0.060 (0.016)*** 0.028, 0.092 0.004 (0.015) -0.026, 0.035
Clinicians Providing Treatment -0.034 (0.016)* -0.065, -0.002 -0.020 (0.016) -0.051, 0.012
LEO Capable of Preventing ODs -0.001 (0.017) -0.034, 0.032 0.065 (0.016)*** 0.033, 0.096
Clinicians Capable of Preventing ODs -0.030 (0.018) -0.064, 0.005 0.044 (0.017)* 0.010, 0.078

Notes: AME = average marginal effects, S.E. = standard errors, C.I. = 95% confidence intervals. ODs = overdose deaths, LEO = law enforcement officers, DEA = Drug Enforcement Administration, NIH = National Institute of Health. *** = P < 0.001, ** = P < 0.010, * P < 0.05. DEA = Drug Enforcement Administration, NIH = National Institutes of Health. Control condition serves as reference category.