. 2025 Jul 25;25:1115. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07669-8

Table 7.

Results of heterogeneity analysis

Subgroup	Independent Variable	AIknowledge				AIteaching
Subgroup	Independent Variable	β	S.E	t	p	β	S.E	t	p
(Human) Medicine	AIcurricular	.123	.019	6.56	< .001	-.100	.034	−2.93	.003
	Gender	-.154	.015	−10.00	< .001	-.135	.028	−4.87	< .001
	Age	.007	.002	3.06	.002	-.003	.004	−0.73	.465
	Total academic years	-.018	.013	−1.35	.176	.018	.024	0.77	.441
	Experience of programming code	.235	.020	11.85	< .001	.127	.036	3.52	< .001
	Experience of technical devices usage	.053	.008	6.53	< .001	.068	.015	4.58	< .001
	Constant	2.197	.101	21.66	< .001	4.016	.184	21.84	< .001
	N	4,021				4,008
	R²	.1006				.0187
Dentistry	AIcurricular	.338	.091	3.73	< .001	-.143	.171	−0.84	.405
	Gender	-.255	.083	−3.07	.003	-.183	.157	−1.17	.244
	Age	-.001	.011	−0.06	.953	.041	.020	2.05	.042
	Total academic years	.004	.071	0.06	.952	.365	.133	2.75	.007
	Experience of programming code	.120	.125	0.97	.335	-.435	.234	−1.86	.065
	Experience of technical devices usage	.086	.039	2.23	.027	.109	.072	1.50	.135
	Constant	2.244	.422	5.32	< .001	.916	.793	1.15	.250
	N	173				172
	R²	.1605				.1265
Veterinary Medicine	AIcurricular	.480	.148	3.23	.002	.041	.315	0.13	.896
	Gender	-.275	.121	−2.27	.026	.139	.257	0.54	.592
	Age	.006	.011	0.55	.582	.048	.024	2.00	.049
	Total academic years	-.377	.114	−3.32	< .001	-.334	.241	−1.38	.171
	Experience of programming code	.161	.130	1.24	.219	.477	.275	1.73	.087
	Experience of technical devices usage	.043	.054	0.79	.431	.070	.114	0.61	.541
	Constant	4.423	.776	5.70	< .001	4.140	1.649	2.51	.014
	N	76				76
	R²	.3242				.1187
Developing Country	AIcurricular	.154	.031	4.97	< .001	-.063	.054	−1.17	.243
	Gender	-.155	.027	−5.83	< .001	-.107	.046	−2.34	.019
	Age	.003	.004	0.70	.483	.007	.007	0.98	.328
	Total academic years	-.007	.022	−0.30	.763	.060	.038	1.57	.116
	Experience of programming code	.157	.038	4.16	< .001	.080	.065	1.22	.223
	Experience of technical devices usage	.068	.013	5.28	< .001	.092	.022	4.11	< .001
	Constant	2.225	.163	13.67	< .001	3.386	.281	12.06	< .001
	N	1,622				1,616
	R²	.0714				.0203
Developed Country	AIcurricular	.123	.022	5.48	< .001	-.130	.043	−3.05	.002
	Gender	-.158	.018	−8.83	< .001	-.154	.034	−4.53	< .001
	Age	.009	.003	3.55	< .001	-.003	.005	−0.70	.484
	Total academic years	-.027	.015	−1.79	.073	.037	.029	1.28	.201
	Experience of programming code	.269	.022	12.21	< .001	.126	.042	3.00	.003
	Experience of technical devices usage	.054	.010	5.34	< .001	.055	.019	2.83	.005
	Constant	2.176	.120	18.12	< .001	4.000	.230	17.41	< .001
	N	2,647				2,639
	R²	.1353				.0200