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. 2025 Jul 25;13:829. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03192-z

Table 4.

Fornell–Larcker evaluation of discriminant validity

Concepts MLSM MathI MathSE SR
MLSM 0.933
MathI 0.678 0.977
MathSE 0.619 0.784 0.953
SR 0.667 0.767 0.860 0.892

Note. The bolded figures along the diagonal represent the square roots of the average variance extracted (AVE)