Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for diabetes-related vascular complications according to TE concentrations
| Total complications | Macrovascular complications | Microvascular complications | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N cases/ total N | HR (95% CI) per 1 SD | N cases/total N | HR (95% CI) per 1 SD | N cases/ total N | HR (95% CI) per 1 SD | |
| Cu | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.05 (0.90–1.24) | 69/627 | 1.33 (1.00–1.78) | 212/624 | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 69/627 | 1.25 (0.91–1.71) | 212/624 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 61/579 | 1.22 (0.90–1.64) | 198/576 | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) |
| Model 4 | 261/627 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 69/627 | 1.18 (0.83–1.67) | 212/624 | 0.90 (0.72–1.11) |
| Fe | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 69/627 | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) | 212/624 | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | 69/627 | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 212/624 | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 61/579 | 0.97 (0.72–1.32) | 198/576 | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) |
| Model 4 | 261/627 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 69/627 | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 212/624 | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) |
| I | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 69/627 | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | 212/624 | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 69/627 | 1.08 (0.84–1.40) | 212/624 | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 1.16 (1.02–1.33) | 61/579 | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | 198/576 | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) |
| Model 4 | 261/627 | 1.16 (1.00–1.34) | 69/627 | 0.94 (0.70–1.25) | 212/624 | 1.22 (1.05–1.43) |
| Mn | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 69/627 | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 212/624 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 69/627 | 1.16 (0.89–1.52) | 212/624 | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | 61/579 | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 198/576 | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) |
| Model 4 | 261/627 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 69/627 | 1.17 (0.88–1.57) | 212/624 | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) |
| Se | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 69/627 | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 212/624 | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | 69/627 | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) | 212/624 | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 61/579 | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 198/576 | 1.07 (0.92–1.26) |
| Model 4 | 261/627 | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 69/627 | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 212/624 | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) |
| Zn | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 69/627 | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 212/624 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 69/627 | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 212/624 | 1.04 (0.89–1.23) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 61/579 | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) | 198/576 | 1.09 (0.91–1.29) |
| Model 4 | 261/627 | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 69/627 | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) | 212/624 | 1.04 (0.86–1.24) |
| SelenoP | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 69/627 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 212/624 | 1.07 (0.93–1.25) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 69/627 | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 212/624 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 61/579 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 198/576 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) |
| Free Zn | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 69/627 | 1.01 (0.81–1.25) | 212/624 | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 69/627 | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) | 212/624 | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 61/579 | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 198/576 | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) |
| Se/Cu ratio | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 69/627 | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 212/624 | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 69/627 | 0.95 (0.70–1.27) | 212/624 | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 1.12 (0.94–1.34) | 61/579 | 1.04 (0.76–1.44) | 198/576 | 1.13 (0.93–1.39) |
| Cu/Zn ratio | ||||||
| Model 1 | 261/627 | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 69/627 | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | 212/624 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) |
| Model 2 | 261/627 | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 69/627 | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 212/624 | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) |
| Model 3 | 240/579 | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) | 61/579 | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 198/576 | 0.87 (0.70–1.07) |
TE (continuous) were log-transformed and Z-standardized (mean = 0, SD = 1)
Model 1: Adjusted for age at diabetes diagnosis, sex, Model 2 (Main Model): Model 1 + duration between recruitment and diabetes diagnosis, educational attainment, BMI, waist circumference, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, vitamin and mineral supplement use, prevalent hypertension, prevalent dyslipidemia and Mediterranean diet score. Model 3: Model 2 + HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, hsCRP, eGFR. Model 4: Model 2 + respective TEs (Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn). SelenoP; Selenoprotein P